{"id":11725,"date":"2022-03-22T09:31:14","date_gmt":"2022-03-22T09:31:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.effektivaltruism.org\/?p=11725"},"modified":"2024-10-30T09:32:55","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T09:32:55","slug":"hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.effektivaltruism.org\/en\/hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden\/","title":{"rendered":"Hur kriget i Ukraina p\u00e5verkar omv\u00e4rlden"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Lowe Lundin<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Och vilka drabbas v\u00e4rst?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Den v\u00e4rld vi lever i h\u00e4nger samman i handelsn\u00e4tverk och transporter. En h\u00e4ndelse i ett omr\u00e5de kan ha l\u00e5ngtg\u00e5ende konsekvenser f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskors liv i helt andra delar av v\u00e4rlden. F\u00f6r gemene man \u00e4r det f\u00f6rmodligen f\u00f6rst p\u00e5 senare tid som distributionskedjor \u00e4gnats ens en tanke. Kritiska delar av infrastruktur blir l\u00e4tt n\u00e5got som tas f\u00f6r givet att de fungerar, fram till den dag de inte l\u00e4ngre fungerar. Coronapandemin och fartyget Evergiven\u2019s grundst\u00f6tning i Suezkanalen, med de p\u00e5f\u00f6ljande konsekvenserna, har f\u00f6rt upp detta p\u00e5 agendan och nu kan \u00e4nnu en kris l\u00e4ggas till listan p\u00e5 sentida h\u00e4ndelser som kan ha stora f\u00f6ljder f\u00f6r v\u00e4rldshandeln – Rysslands invasion av Ukraina. Kriget kan komma att ha omv\u00e4lvande effekter f\u00f6r fattigare l\u00e4nder, m\u00e5nga beroende av importer. L\u00e4nder d\u00e4r m\u00e4nniskor redan \u00e4r i sv\u00e4lt har inga ytterligare resurser att t\u00e4cka gapet f\u00f6r de extra kostnader som nu uppst\u00e5r och fler m\u00e4nniskor kommer oundvikligen att f\u00f6rs\u00e4ttas i sv\u00e4lt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ryssland och Ukraina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ryssland \u00e4r v\u00e4rldens till ytan st\u00f6rsta land, med drygt 142 miljoner inv\u00e5nare. Landets BNP var 2020 enligt V\u00e4rldsbanken drygt 1484 miljarder USD, att j\u00e4mf\u00f6ra med de nordiska l\u00e4ndernas kombinerade BNP p\u00e5 1551 miljarder USD. Fr\u00e5n att f\u00f6rra seklet ha setts som en av v\u00e4rldens tv\u00e5 poler, j\u00e4mte USA, \u00e4r landet idag endast 11:e st\u00f6rst i termer av ekonomi och 4:e st\u00f6rst i termer av milit\u00e4ra utgifter, dock bleknar dess officiella milit\u00e4rbudget p\u00e5 61.7 miljarder USD i skuggan av USAs p\u00e5 778 miljarder USD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ukraina \u00e4r, n\u00e4st efter Ryssland, Europas st\u00f6rsta land, med drygt 41 miljoner inv\u00e5nare, bortr\u00e4knat de 2,4 miljoner som bor p\u00e5 Krimhalv\u00f6n, som ockuperades av Ryssland 2014. Landets BNP var \u00e5r 2020 drygt 155 miljarder USD, varav milit\u00e4rbudgeten utg\u00f6r 5.4 miljarder USD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medan l\u00e4nderna knappast \u00e4r n\u00e5gra ekonomiska j\u00e4ttar \u00e4r de storspelare inom flera marknader som utg\u00f6r en ryggrad f\u00f6r v\u00e4rldsekonomin, d\u00e4ribland jordbruk och energi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jordbruk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ukraina \u00e4r ett agrart land, d\u00e4r 71.3% av ytan utg\u00f6rs av odlingsarealer och runt en fj\u00e4rdedel av v\u00e4rldens mycket b\u00f6rdiga \u201cchernozem\u201d – svartjord, finns i landet. Den Ukrainska flaggan, ett bl\u00e5tt streck \u00f6ver ett gult, beskrivs ofta som \u201cen bl\u00e5 himmel \u00f6ver ett guldgult vetef\u00e4lt\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Med utbrottet av kriget har b\u00f6nder p\u00e5verkats mycket negativt under den kritiska perioden f\u00f6r v\u00e5rs\u00e5dd, med brist p\u00e5 g\u00f6dsel, drivmedel, uts\u00e4de och arbetskraft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Floden Dnepr, som tidigare varit en puls\u00e5der i landet, \u00e4r nu avklippt fr\u00e5n kusten i och med de ryska styrkornas ockupation av all kust \u00f6ster om Krimhalv\u00f6n. Den stora Hamnen i Odessa i sydv\u00e4stra Ukraina \u00e4r \u00e4nnu, 16 mars 2022, inte under rysk ockupation, men Kiel Institute For The World Economy rapporterar att hamnen i praktiken ekar tom. Innan krigsutbrottet gick 95% av allt vete genom Svarta havet, varav mer \u00e4n h\u00e4lften gick till MENA (Middle East & North Africa), idag \u00e4r den handelsv\u00e4gen d\u00f6d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ryssland \u00e4r v\u00e4rldens st\u00f6rsta export\u00f6r av vete och Ukraina \u00e4r v\u00e4rldens femte st\u00f6rsta export\u00f6r, tillsammans st\u00e5r de f\u00f6r \u00f6ver en fj\u00e4rdedel av v\u00e4rldens veteexport. \u00c4ven Rysslands export kan v\u00e4ntas p\u00e5verkas kraftigt av sanktioner, d\u00e4ribland de fr\u00e5n rederier, som v\u00e4grar skeppa ryska varor, och uteslutning fr\u00e5n betalningssystem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

M\u00e5nga fattigare l\u00e4nder \u00e4r nettoimport\u00f6rer av vete, varav vissa \u00e4r mycket beroende av import fr\u00e5n just Ryssland och Ukraina. Som exempel kan n\u00e4mnas Egypten, v\u00e4rldens st\u00f6rsta import\u00f6r av vete, d\u00e4r ryskt och ukrainskt vete utg\u00f6r mer \u00e4n 70% av importerna. I Turkiet st\u00e5r Ryssland och Ukraina f\u00f6r 74% av det importerade vetet och ekonomiekot rapporterar att det numera inte g\u00e5r att komma \u00f6ver mj\u00f6l i Libanon. I \u00d6stafrika \u00e4r 84% av vetet importerat. Kraftigt \u00f6kade livsmedelspriser, ibland upp till 50% p\u00e5 v\u00e4rldsmarknaderna, sl\u00e5r h\u00e5rt mot dessa ekonomier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ukraina st\u00e5r \u00e4ven f\u00f6r betydande delar av v\u00e4rldens export av bland annat majs, korn, durra, solrosfr\u00f6n, linfr\u00f6n, b\u00f6nor, med mera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redan i b\u00f6rjan av kriget uppskattade World Food Programme att omkring 285 miljoner m\u00e4nniskor befinner sig i, eller i risk, f\u00f6r att hamna i hungersn\u00f6d. Med \u00f6kade livsmedelspriser kan denna siffra v\u00e4ntas stiga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

World food programme hade redan innan krigets utbrott varnat f\u00f6r att 44 miljoner m\u00e4nniskor i 38 l\u00e4nder befann sig p\u00e5 gr\u00e4nsen till sv\u00e4lt. De \u00f6kande livsmedelspriserna v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver g\u00f6r en redan allvarlig situation \u00e4nnu mer diger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Energipriser<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sanktionerna mot Ryssland inneb\u00e4r ocks\u00e5 en stor omst\u00e4llning p\u00e5 v\u00e4rldens energimarknader, d\u00e5 Ryssland \u00e4r v\u00e4rldens st\u00f6rsta export\u00f6r av naturgas, n\u00e4st st\u00f6rsta export\u00f6r av olja och tredje st\u00f6rsta export\u00f6r av kol. Energimarknadernas sv\u00e4ngningar har under perioder medf\u00f6rt att priset p\u00e5 kol i m\u00e5nga omr\u00e5den n\u00e4stan fyrdubblats, oljepriset har varit dubbelt s\u00e5 h\u00f6gt som norska Finansdepartementet uppskattade f\u00f6r 2022 och gaspriset har varit nio g\u00e5nger h\u00f6gre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6kade priser p\u00e5 energimarknader under l\u00e4ngre tid sl\u00e5r mot stora delar av v\u00e4rldsekonomin, d\u00e5 bland annat tillverkning och frakt blir dyrare. D\u00e5 dessa utg\u00f6r grundfundament f\u00f6r v\u00e4rldens handel kan m\u00e5nga varor komma att \u00f6ka i pris, vilket \u00e4r en kostnad som ofta hamnar p\u00e5 slutkonsumenten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c4n en g\u00e5ng \u00e4r fattigare l\u00e4nder v\u00e4rre drabbade i och med st\u00f6rre prisk\u00e4nslighet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sammanfattning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ryssland invasion av Ukraina v\u00e4ntas f\u00e5 stora konsekvenser i hela v\u00e4rlden. Medan vi k\u00e4nner sorg f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskorna i Ukraina f\u00e5r vi \u00e4ven f\u00f6rs\u00f6ka komma ih\u00e5g att det \u00e4r m\u00e5nga andra som lider. Det \u00e4r mycket sv\u00e5rt att veta hur vi kan hj\u00e4lpa till p\u00e5 b\u00e4sta s\u00e4tt i Ukraina, och det finns fantastiska m\u00f6jligheter i andra omr\u00e5den.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lowe Lundin Och vilka drabbas v\u00e4rst? Den v\u00e4rld vi lever i h\u00e4nger samman i handelsn\u00e4tverk och transporter. En h\u00e4ndelse i ett omr\u00e5de kan ha l\u00e5ngtg\u00e5ende konsekvenser f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskors liv i helt andra delar av v\u00e4rlden. F\u00f6r gemene man \u00e4r det f\u00f6rmodligen f\u00f6rst p\u00e5 senare tid som distributionskedjor \u00e4gnats ens en tanke. Kritiska delar av infrastruktur […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","tve_updated_post":"","tve_custom_css":"","tve_user_custom_css":"","tve_globals":{},"tcb2_ready":0,"tcb_editor_enabled":0,"tve_landing_page":"","_tve_header":"","_tve_footer":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11725","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nHur kriget i Ukraina p\u00e5verkar omv\u00e4rlden - Effektiv Altruism<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.effektivaltruism.org\/en\/hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hur kriget i Ukraina p\u00e5verkar omv\u00e4rlden - Effektiv Altruism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Lowe Lundin Och vilka drabbas v\u00e4rst? Den v\u00e4rld vi lever i h\u00e4nger samman i handelsn\u00e4tverk och transporter. En h\u00e4ndelse i ett omr\u00e5de kan ha l\u00e5ngtg\u00e5ende konsekvenser f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskors liv i helt andra delar av v\u00e4rlden. F\u00f6r gemene man \u00e4r det f\u00f6rmodligen f\u00f6rst p\u00e5 senare tid som distributionskedjor \u00e4gnats ens en tanke. Kritiska delar av infrastruktur […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.effektivaltruism.org\/en\/hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Effektiv Altruism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-03-22T09:31:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-10-30T09:32:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.effektivaltruism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Asset-1@13x.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2258\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1179\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/><meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.effektivaltruism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/image-1024x1016.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"client\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"client\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.effektivaltruism.org\\\/en\\\/hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.effektivaltruism.org\\\/en\\\/hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"client\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.effektivaltruism.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/8c5660544d57f01f5eb1bb8b471b89d1\"},\"headline\":\"Hur kriget i Ukraina p\u00e5verkar omv\u00e4rlden\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-03-22T09:31:14+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-10-30T09:32:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.effektivaltruism.org\\\/en\\\/hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1040,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.effektivaltruism.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.effektivaltruism.org\\\/en\\\/hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.effektivaltruism.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/10\\\/image-1024x1016.jpg\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.effektivaltruism.org\\\/en\\\/hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.effektivaltruism.org\\\/en\\\/hur-kriget-i-ukraina-paverkar-omvarlden\\\/\",\"name\":\"Hur kriget i Ukraina p\u00e5verkar omv\u00e4rlden - 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